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A centimorgan (cM) is a unit for measuring genetic linkage, defined as the distance between chromosome positions for which the expected average number of crossovers is 0.01. Learn about its relation to physical distance, recombination probability, etymology and examples.
Learn how to calculate the distance between two points on the Earth's surface using different approximations and formulae. Compare flat, spherical and ellipsoidal models and their errors and limitations.
Genetic distance is a measure of the genetic divergence between species or populations within a species, based on molecular clocks and mutation rates. Learn how genetic distance is calculated, what markers are used, and how it is applied in phylogenetics, genomic prediction and population genetics.
Euclidean distance is the length of the line segment between two points in Euclidean space. It can be calculated from the Cartesian coordinates using the Pythagorean theorem, and has various properties and applications in mathematics and statistics.
Learn how to calculate the perpendicular distance from a point to a line in Euclidean geometry using different methods and formulas. See examples, diagrams and proofs for various cases of lines defined by equations or points.
The haversine formula is a computational formula for calculating the great-circle distance between two points on a sphere, using the chord length relation. It is numerically better-conditioned for small distances than the spherical law of cosines formula, but less accurate for antipodal points.
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