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Geographical distance or geodetic distance is the distance measured along the surface of the Earth, or the shortest arch length. The formulae in this article calculate distances between points which are defined by geographical coordinates in terms of latitude and longitude .
The normalized Google distance ( NGD) is a semantic similarity measure derived from the number of hits returned by the Google search engine for a given set of keywords. [1] Keywords with the same or similar meanings in a natural language sense tend to be "close" in units of normalized Google distance, while words with dissimilar meanings tend ...
Moreover, for each number of cities there is an assignment of distances between the cities for which the nearest neighbor heuristic produces the unique worst possible tour. (If the algorithm is applied on every vertex as the starting vertex, the best path found will be better than at least N/2-1 other tours, where N is the number of vertices.)
The haversine function computes half a versine of the angle θ, or the squares of half chord of the angle on a unit circle (sphere). To solve for the distance d, apply the archaversine ( inverse haversine) to h = hav (θ) or use the arcsine (inverse sine) function: or more explicitly: [9] This can be further transform to reduce some math ...
In the Euclidean TSP (see below), the distance between two cities is the Euclidean distance between the corresponding points. In the rectilinear TSP, the distance between two cities is the sum of the absolute values of the differences of their x- and y-coordinates. This metric is often called the Manhattan distance or city-block metric.
The distance from (x 0, y 0) to this line is measured along a vertical line segment of length |y 0 − (− c / b)| = |by 0 + c| / |b| in accordance with the formula. Similarly, for vertical lines (b = 0) the distance between the same point and the line is |ax 0 + c| / |a|, as measured along a horizontal line segment. Line defined by two points
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