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Paul Erdős in 1992. The Erdős number ( Hungarian: [ˈɛrdøːʃ]) describes the "collaborative distance" between mathematician Paul Erdős and another person, as measured by authorship of mathematical papers. The same principle has been applied in other fields where a particular individual has collaborated with a large and broad number of peers.
Cosine similarity. In data analysis, cosine similarity is a measure of similarity between two non-zero vectors defined in an inner product space. Cosine similarity is the cosine of the angle between the vectors; that is, it is the dot product of the vectors divided by the product of their lengths. It follows that the cosine similarity does not ...
Spatial relation. A spatial relation [1] [2] specifies how some object is located in space in relation to some reference object. When the reference object is much bigger than the object to locate, the latter is often represented by a point. The reference object is often represented by a bounding box . In Anatomy it might be the case that a ...
Levenshtein distance. In information theory, linguistics, and computer science, the Levenshtein distance is a string metric for measuring the difference between two sequences. The Levenshtein distance between two words is the minimum number of single-character edits (insertions, deletions or substitutions) required to change one word into the ...
Distance sampling is a widely used group of closely related methods for estimating the density and/or abundance of populations. The main methods are based on line transects or point transects. [1] [2] In this method of sampling, the data collected are the distances of the objects being surveyed from these randomly placed lines or points, and ...
where a(t′) is the scale factor, t e is the time of emission of the photons detected by the observer, t is the present time, and c is the speed of light in vacuum.. Despite being an integral over time, this expression gives the correct distance that would be measured by a hypothetical tape measure at fixed time t, i.e. the "proper distance" (as defined below) after accounting for the time ...
Real-time kinematic positioning. Real-time kinematic positioning ( RTK) is the application of surveying to correct for common errors in current satellite navigation (GNSS) systems. It uses measurements of the phase of the signal's carrier wave in addition to the information content of the signal and relies on a single reference station or ...
A geometrized unit system [1] or geometrodynamic unit system is a system of natural units in which the base physical units are chosen so that the speed of light in vacuum, c, and the gravitational constant, G, are set equal to unity. The geometrized unit system is not a completely defined system. Some systems are geometrized unit systems in the ...